Lydia: Iron Age kingdom in western Turkey. Its capital was Sardes. In Antiquity, this country was well known for its gold carrying river Pactolus; the wealth of the last Lydian king Croesus, who had been the first to mint gold,…
Macedonia: ancient region and state, situated in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and northern Greece, best known because its king Alexander the Great (r.336-323) conquered the Persian Empire and inaugurated a new period in Greek history.Introduction
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Margiana (Old Persian Marguš): oasis in the Karakum desert, modern Mary (or Merv) in the southeast of Turkmenistan.Bronze Age
Margiana was situated on the boards of the river Murghab; this river, which was called Margos by the ancient Greeks, has its…
Mesopotamia: pseudo-ancient name for the country that is now known as Iraq. In Antiquity, it was not common to regard the five parts of this region as a unity.
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