Thucydides on the first victory of Phormio
The Archidamian War (431-421) has been called a fight between an elephant and a whale because Sparta had a strong army and Athens had a strong navy. If Sparta wanted to defeat Athens and "liberate Greece" - its official war aim - it would have to gain control of the sea. Fortunately, it had allies with a fleet, especially Corinth, which hated Athens. The Athenian admiral Phormio was sent around the Peloponnese to Naupactus, at the entrance of the Gulf of Corinth, where he could obstruct all traffic between Corinth and its colonies in the west, especially Acarnania and Corcyra. This forced Sparta's foremost naval ally to send a large navy to the west: 47 ships, including a couple of Spartan galleys.
Phormio, who commanded 20 ships, was able to force his enemies to battle near Patras - or, to be more precise, near Rion and Antirion. Immediately, the Spartans and Corinthians took a defensive position that is called kyklos, "the wheel". Still, Phormio was able to defeat them. Later, Phormio defeated his opponents a second time. In this way, the Spartans learned that they still had to learn much before they could overcome Athens.
Thucydides describes the first fight. His account is a classical description of a naval battle. The translation of History of the Peloponnesian War 2.83.2-85.2 was made by Richard Crawley.
Phormio's first victory |
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[2.83.2] Meanwhile the fleet from Corinth and the rest of the confederates [...] was compelled to fight with Phormio and the twenty Athenian vessels stationed at Naupactus. |
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[2.83.3] For they were watched, as they coasted along out of the gulf, by Phormio, who wished to attack in the open sea. |
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[2.83.4] But the Corinthians and allies had started for Acarnania without any idea of fighting at sea, and with vessels more like transports for carrying soldiers; besides which, they never dreamed of the twenty Athenian ships venturing to engage their forty-seven. However, while they were coasting along their own shore, there were the Athenians sailing along in line with them; and when they tried to cross over from Patras in Achaea to the mainland on the other side, on their way to Acarnania, they saw them again coming out from Chalcis and the river Evenus to meet them. They slipped from their moorings in the night, but were observed, and were at length compelled to fight in mid passage. Each state that contributed to the armament had its own general; the Corinthian commanders were Machaon, Isocrates, and Agatharchidas. |
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[2.83.5] The Peloponnesians ranged their vessels in as large a circle as possible without leaving an opening, with the prows outside and the sterns in; and placed within all the small craft in company, and their five best sailors to issue out at a moment's notice and strengthen any point threatened by the enemy. |
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