The Peloponnesian War started with a covert operation. It was important for Thebes to capture Plataea, because it controlled the roads to the Theban allies on the Peloponnese (Corinth and Sparta), and it is not surprising that the Thebans wanted…
The territories of the Spartan alliance reached as far north as Megara, which served as a base to move to Athens. More to the north, beyond the Cithaeron mountains, was Plataea, situated halfway between Megara and Thebes, another ally of…
Tolsum Writing-Tablet or Tabula Tolsummiana: oldest written text from the Netherlands.
Tolsum, writing tablet (front)
In 1914, laborers digging in the "terp"…
The Roman jurist Ulpian (c.170-228) was born in Tyre, and was proud about it. In his book On Taxes, he commented upon his city's juridical status: its citizens had full Roman citizen rights ("Italian law"). The section is known from…
Uruk King List: historiographical document from ancient Babylonia, mentioning the length of the reigns of several kings from Kandalanu (r.647-627) to the Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus (r.246-226/225).
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Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions: collection of Old Persian cuneiform texts from the sixth, fifth, and fourth centuries BCE, left by the Achaemenid kings on their official monuments.X Seals
(a)
1. Xšayâršâ
2. \ XŠ \ vazraka
The great king Xerxes
(b)
1. adam \ Xšay
2. âršâ \ XŠ
I am king…
Aigospotamoi: the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (431-404). In September 405, the Athenians were decisively defeated by the Spartans and lost their navy. As a result, the siege and fall of Athens became inevitable.
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Xenophon (c.430-c.354): Athenian soldier and historian, author of the Anabasis and Hellenica. He is one of the best-known and most widely read of all Greek authors.In 405, the Spartan admiral Lysander defeated the Athenians at Aigospotamoi. This meant the end…