Theory
The study of history is not just a story based on sources. A scholar is able to explain why he does what he does; awareness of methodological problems is the difference between a professional and a dilettante. Explaining this is of the greatest importance, because there are two disturbing developments.
- An increasing number of people has received a higher education, and is capable of recognizing the errors made by professional scholars, who are increasingly specialized and are often insufficiently aware of developments outside their specialism.
- On internet, people select the information they like - and this is usually bad information, because bad information drives out good.
Although it has, since about 2005, been generally recognized that websites like Livius.org and books for a larger audience must not just present the facts but should explain method as well, no satisfying way to explain method has been found so far. However, we can at least try to create awareness that history is a serious discipline. On this page, you will find links to several issues and problems, not all of them methodological.
There are 20 items in Theory:
Lectio difficilior potior
Lectio difficilior potior: principle of textual criticism. Erasmus (Royal Library, The Hague, Netherlands) The Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) was the first…Maximalists and Minimalists
Maximalism and Minimalism: labels for two opinions about the relation between written evidence and archaeology, which sometimes are conflicting. The expressions are used when discussing the past of ancient Israel, but similar debates are known in Roman, Greek, and Iranian…Orality
Orality: the way in which information spreads through (predominantly) illiterate societies. The study of oral literature has helped classicists and historians to evaluate the origins of their information.In the early twentieth century, scholars studying the formal characteristics of ancient texts,…Positivist Fallacy
Positivist Fallacy: the assumption, often implicit, that historical sources and archaeological remains document significant events of the past. The expression was coined by archaeologist Anthony Snodgrass.Like the Everest Fallacy, the Positivist Fallacy can best be introduced with an example. There…Seriation
Seriation: a method of relative dating, in which artifacts are chronologically arranged. Seriation of Bronze Age axes In archaeological excavations, the older…Terminus ante/post quem
Terminus ante quem and terminus post quem: two expressions to indicate a relative chronology.Terminus ante quem simply means "moment before which X happened" and terminus post quem means "moment after which X happened". For example, if we know that the…Testis unus testis nullus
Testis unus testis nullus ("one witness is no witness"): name of a problem that is created when historians have only one source - they cannot control the information and are forced to accept it.Historians have a lot in common with…Textual criticism
Textual criticism: the study of medieval manuscripts in order to reconstruct ancient texts. Fifteenth-century Byzantine Gospel manuscript, showing the prologue of…