Eridu Genesis
Eridu Genesis: a Sumerian text dealing with the subject matter best known from the first chapters of the Bible.
The Eridu Genesis is written on a Sumerian cuneiform tablet of which about two thirds are now lost. The missing parts can be reconstructed from texts like the Sumerian King List and Berossus:
- the creation of men (now lost);
- their miserable condition;
- creation of kingship;
- the first cities;
- the kings who ruled before the Great Flood (lost)
- the supreme god Enlil's decision to destroy sinful humankind (lost);
- Ziusudra learns of the approaching calamity;
- building of the Ark (lost);
- the Great Flood;
- Ziusudra's sacrifice;
- an offer of eternal life to Ziusudra.
The story of the Creation and Flood has been extremely influential. Among the texts that were inspired by it are theThe Epic of Atraḥasis, Tablet XI of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgameš, Berossus, the Biblical account of the Deluge, and several Greek and Roman sources, like Ovid.
The translation of the Eridu Genesis offered here is adapted from a translation by Thorkild Jacobson. It starts after a long lacuna, in which the creation of man must have been described.
The Creator Goddess thinks about humankind |
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[1'-9'] Ninturnote was paying attention: She gave directions for purification, and cries for clemency, |
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[10'ff] perfected the divine service and the august offices, When An, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursaga [large part lost; perhaps a story of a failed attempt to build a city] |
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Creation of kingship |
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[32'-40'] ... "and let me have him advise; When the royal scepter was coming down from heaven, |
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The first cities |
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[41'ff] The firstling of the cities, Eridu, she gave to the leader Nudimmud, These cities, which had been named by names, [Large part lost, in which the antediluvian kings must have been mentioned. Working in the canals and on the fields, they produced so much noise, that the supreme god Enlil persuaded the other gods to destroy humankind.] |
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Ziusudra's Vision |
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[81'-89'] That day, Nintur wept over her creatures At that time Ziusudra was king and lustration priest. |
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Enki's advice |
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[90'-99'] something that was not a dream was appearing: conversation, And as Ziusudra stood there beside it, he went on hearing: |
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[100'ff] no order of An and Enlil is known to have been countermanded, [Lacuna; Enki orders Ziusudra to build the ark and load it with pairs of animals.] |
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The Flood |
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[132'f] All the evil winds, all stormy winds gathered into |
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Ziusudra's sacrifice |
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[138'-139'] Ziusudra then drilled an opening in the big boat |
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[140'] Ziusudra, being the king, [Lacuna; Enlil is angry at finding survivors, but Enki explains himself] |
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End of Enki's speech |
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[175'-178'] "You here have sworn by the life's breath of heaven, the life's breath of earth that he verily is allied with you yourself; |
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Reward of Ziusudra |
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[179'] Ziusudra, being king, stepped up before An and Enlil, kissing the ground, |
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[180'ff] were granting life like a god's, |